Hur detta skall se ut beror på var du återanvänder informationen. Det kan exempelvis se ut så här:
Ronny Gunnarsson. "Introduktion till statistik" [på INFOVOICE.SE]. Tillgänglig på: https://infovoice.nu/introduktion-till-statistik/. Informationen hämtad November 21, 2024.
| Suggested pre-reading | What this web page adds |
|---|---|
| It is recommended that you read introduction to research before reading this web-page. | This web-page gives you a birds perspective of statistics. You will find lots of links from this web-page to other web-pages providing more information. |
Algorithms and mathematics
An algorithm is any set of well defined instructions or steps to accomplish a goal. It could be how to walk from A to B. Mathematical algorithms are precise instructions for how to solve a defined mathematical problem.
Mathematics use numbers in various forms to draw conclusions, usually aiming to solve a problem. It can be purely theoretical problems or practical problems involving obtaining observations from the real world. Mathematical research explores new pathways to make conclusions. Once a pathways to solve a specific problem is established it is usually defined as a mathematical algorithm. Hence, all statistical methods are mathematical algorithms, but not all mathematical algorithms are statistical methods.
Statistics from a birds perspective
Statistics is the method used to find a pattern among observations consisting of, or being transformed to, numbers. Hence, statistics is only used in quantitative research approaches and is based on mathematics. The domains embraced by statistics are:
- Study design
- Collection of data (=sampling)
- Organizing and describing observations (=descriptive statistics)
- Making conclusions from observations (=inferential statistics).
- Sample size estimations.
Descriptive statistics try to describe the observations, by using:
Inferential statistics try to condense data and make conclusions from your observations by:
- calculating the probability of being wrong when you reject the null hypothesis described as a the p-value.
- Calculate an effect size such as Cohens d, odds ratios, hazard ratios etc.
Brief history of statistics
Statistics uses models based on probability theory developed to explain chance variations or random phenomena. The reason it became interesting as a discipline was when mathematicians of the 17th century began calculating the odds in various games of chance. It was obvious that this knowledge has the potential to be financially rewarding. These gaming theories could then be applied into other contexts.
http://infovoice.se/fou/bok/statmet/10000100.shtml
Suggested further reading
- Observations and variables.
- Study design.
- Choosing statistical analysis.
- Sample size estimations.
- Collection of data (=sampling)
- Writing a study protocol.
- Significant figures
- Descriptive statistics.
- Inferential statistics.
Referenser
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